Attribute-based access control (ABAC)

This tutorial assumes that you have completed the Quick Start with Fauna tutorial.

Attribute-based access control (ABAC) is an alternative to an all-or-nothing security model, and is commonly used in applications to restrict access to specific data based on the user’s role. ABAC is an extension of role-based access control (RBAC), where users are assigned roles that grant them specific privileges. The benefit of ABAC is that privileges can be dynamically determined based on attributes of the user, the documents to be accessed or modified, or context during a transaction (for example, time of day).

In this tutorial, we introduce Fauna’s Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) feature by simulating an employee hierarchy, and employing a "smart" role that permits users to see their own salary, and managers to see their own salary and the salaries of users that report to them.

For more information on ABAC, see Attribute-based access control (ABAC).

Create a new database

Open a terminal and run:

fauna create-database abac
creating database abac
created database 'abac'
To start a shell with your new database, run:
fauna shell 'abac'
Or, to create an application key for your database, run:
fauna create-key 'abac'

Connect to the new database using Fauna Shell

Start a Fauna Shell session:

fauna shell abac
Starting shell for database abac
Connected to http://faunadb:8443
Type Ctrl+D or .exit to exit the shell

Create three separate collections (classes)
```
CreateCollection({ name: "users" })
CreateCollection({ name: "salary" })
CreateCollection({ name: "user_subordinate" })
```
The users collection is used to store the user details, while the salary collection is used to collect the salary information. The user_subordinate collection is used to store the information of managers and their subordinates.

Create three indexes

In Fauna, indexes are required for pagination or searching. Here, we create collection indexes on the users and salary collections, and a specific index to retrieve users by name.

CreateIndex({
  name: "all_users",
  source: Collection("users"),
})

CreateIndex({
  name: "user_by_name",
  source: Collection("users"),
  terms: [{ field: ["data", "name"] }],
})

CreateIndex({
  name: "all_salaries",
  source: Collection("salary"),
})

Create user and salary data

Here, we create some users and salary data. The salary collection stores the user reference as a foreign key. The user collection also stores the user’s credentials, which is just a simple password for this tutorial.

Map([
  ["Bob", 95000],
  ["Joe", 60000],
  ["John", 70000],
  ["Peter", 97000],
  ["Mary", 120000],
  ["Carol", 150000]
], Lambda("data", Let(
    {
      user: Create(Collection("users"), {
        data: { name: Select(0, Var("data")) },
        credentials: { password: "123" }
      }),
      salary: Select(1, Var("data"))
    },
    Create(Collection("salary"), { data: {
      user: Select("ref", Var("user")),
      salary: Var("salary")
    }})
)))

Verify that the data is correct

Now that the data is created, let us query the two collections to check out the usernames and salaries.

Map(
  Paginate(Match(Index("all_salaries"))),
  Lambda("salaryRef",
    Let({
      salary: Get(Var("salaryRef")),
      user: Get(Select(["data", "user"], Var("salary")))
    },
    {
      user: Select(["data", "name"], Var("user")),
      salary: Select(["data", "salary"], Var("salary"))
    }
   )
  )
)

The above query should display the users and their salaries (the order of the results can vary):

{ data:
   [ { user: 'Carol', salary: 150000 },
     { user: 'Peter', salary: 97000 },
     { user: 'Joe', salary: 60000 },
     { user: 'Bob', salary: 95000 },
     { user: 'Mary', salary: 120000 },
     { user: 'John', salary: 70000 } ] }

Create manager→user relationship data

Now that the basic data is created, we create a similar sample data associating managers and their subordinates

Map([
  ["Bob", "Mary"],
  ["John", "Mary"],
  ["Peter", "Joe"]
], Lambda("data", Let(
  {
    user: Get(Match(Index("user_by_name"), Select(0, Var("data")))),
    manager: Get(Match(Index("user_by_name"), Select(1, Var("data"))))
  },
  Create(Collection("user_subordinate"), { data: {
    user: Select("ref", Var("user")),
    reports_to: Select("ref", Var("manager"))
  }})
)))

Here, we see that Bob and John work for Mary, while Peter works for Joe. Once our access controls are in place, Bob should only be able to see his salary, but Mary should be able to see her salary as well as the salary for Bob and John.

Create an index for the user_subordinate collection

CreateIndex({
  name: "is_subordinate",
  source: Collection("user_subordinate"),
  terms: [
    { field: ["data", "user"] },
    { field: ["data", "reports_to"] }
  ]
})

Create a role that provides the appropriate privileges
```
CreateRole({
  name: "normal_user",
  membership: {
    resource: Collection("users")
  },
  privileges: [
    { resource: Collection("users"), actions: { read: true } },
    { resource: Index("all_users"), actions: { read: true } },
    { resource: Index("all_salaries"), actions: { read: true } },
    {
      resource: Collection("salary"),
      actions: {
        read: Query(
          Lambda("salaryRef", Let(
            {
              salary: Get(Var("salaryRef")),
              userRef: Select( ["data", "user"], Var("salary"))
            },
            Or(
              Equals(Var("userRef"), Identity()),
              Exists(
                Match(Index("is_subordinate"), [Var("userRef"), Identity()])
              )
            ))
          )
        )
      }
    }
  ]
})
```
This query defines the role that assigns privileges to members of the "users" collection. This is the critical part of this tutorial and the query is rather complex, so it deserves close inspection.

The role’s membership is simple: any document in the "users" collection that has been successfully authenticated by using the Login function gains the specified privileges, and is called an "authenticated user".

The privileges definition says, starting from the top, that:
- Read access to the "users" collection is granted. Authenticated users can access documents describing other users.
- Read access to the "all_users" index is granted. Authenticated users can use the "all_users" index to list all existing users.
- Read access to the "all_salaries" index is granted. Authenticated users can use the "all_salaries" index to list all salaried users.
- A predicate Lambda function dynamically determines the read access to the "salary" collection. When read access is not granted, the salary documents are not readable.
  
  The predicate function grants read access when one of the following conditions is met:
  
  The user reference in the "salary" document matches the Identity of the authenticated user.
  
  The user reference in the "salary" document is a subordinate of the authenticated user.
Here is a detailed description of the predicate function:

Because the privilege defining the predicate function has its resource defined as the "salary" collection, each time a "salary" document is to be read, the predicate function is called with the salaryRef parameter, which is a reference to the "salary" document being evaluated for access.

The function first calls Let to define variables that can be used later on. The salary variable is defined with the associated "salary" document, acquired by calling Get with the salaryRef. The userRef variable is defined with the reference to the associated "user" document, which is acquired by calling Select on the value of the salary variable.

Then, the predicate function implicitly returns the value of calling the Or function, which includes both the equivalence check that the userRef variable matches the Identity of the currently authenticated user, and the check that the userRef and Identity match an entry in the "is_subordinate" index. If either check returns true, Or returns true (granting read access), otherwise false is returned (denying read access).

Finally, if the predicate function fails for any reason, read access is not granted.

Verify salary access for a user

Now we can log in to the database as Bob and run the salary listing query. First we have to create a token for Bob:

Login(Match(Index("user_by_name"), "Bob"), { password: "123" })

The output should look similar to:

{ ref: Ref(Tokens(), "231651464569684480"),
  ts: 1557178902130000,
  instance: Ref(Collection("users"), "231651384582210048"),
  secret: 'fnEDNv3HmWACAAM2_aC3wAIAGOysa8knR3F3ZzvUkc0sq_O6chQ' }

Using the secret, we can log in to the database and run the user listing query. In a separate terminal, start a new Fauna Shell session, and be sure to copy the value of the secret field as the value of the --secret argument in the following command:

fauna shell --secret="fnEDNv3HmWACAAM2_aC3wAIAGOysa8knR3F3ZzvUkc0sq_O6chQ"
Warning: You didn't specify a database. Starting the shell in the global scope.
Connected to http://faunadb:8443
Type Ctrl+D or .exit to exit the shell

Then run this query:

Map(
  Paginate(Match(Index("all_salaries"))),
  Lambda("salaryRef", Let({
    salary: Get(Var("salaryRef")),
    user: Get(Select(["data", "user"], Var("salary")))
  },
  {
    user: Select(["data", "name"], Var("user")),
    salary: Select(["data", "salary"], Var("salary"))
  })
))

You should see the following output:

{ data: [ { user: 'Bob', salary: 95000 } ] }

So, we can see that Bob can only query his own salary.

Verify salary access for a manager

In the original Fauna Shell session, create a login token for Mary:

Login(Match(Index("user_by_name"), "Mary"), { password: "123" })

You should see output similar to the following:

{ ref: Ref(Tokens(), "231573285766169088"),
  ts: 1557104345000000,
  instance: Ref(Collection("users"), "231573095978109440"),
  secret: 'fnEDNv4fcEACAAM2_aC3wAIANL6untGn8nhY-NK2O90oHyIeWuY' }

In a new terminal, start a new Fauna Shell session, and be sure to copy the value of the secret field as the value of the --secret argument in the following command:

fauna shell --secret="fnEDNv4fcEACAAM2_aC3wAIANL6untGn8nhY-NK2O90oHyIeWuY"
Warning: You didn't specify a database. Starting the shell in the global scope.
Connected to http://faunadb:8443
Type Ctrl+D or .exit to exit the shell

Then run the salary lookup query:

Map(
  Paginate(Match(Index("all_salaries"))),
  Lambda("salaryRef", Let({
    salary: Get(Var("salaryRef")),
    user: Get(Select(["data", "user"], Var("salary")))
  },
  {
    user: Select(["data", "name"], Var("user")),
    salary: Select(["data", "salary"], Var("salary"))
  })
))

You should see the following output (the order may vary):

{ data:
   [ { user: 'Bob', salary: 95000 },
     { user: 'Mary', salary: 120000 },
     { user: 'John', salary: 70000 } ] }

Mary can see the salaries for herself, Bob, and John.

Next steps

Is this article helpful?

Tell Fauna how the article can be improved:
Visit Fauna's forums or email docs@fauna.com

Thank you for your feedback!

Attribute-based access control (ABAC)

Next steps

Keyboard shortcuts

While reading

While searching

URL fragments